fig6

Figure 6. Bioprinted MSCs-sEVs constructs facilitate both cartilage and bone regeneration in a rabbit (modified from ^[108]). (A) Schematic illustration of stereolithography-based bioprinted MSCs-sEVs in decellularized cartilage ECM and GelMA bioink prior to in vivo osteochondral defect implantation in a rabbit. SEV is known as sEVs; (B) Bioprinted MSCs-sEVs promoted both cartilage and bone formation after 6 and 12 weeks of implantation. Group I, osteochondral defect only; Group II, 3D bioprinted GelMA; Group III, 3D bioprinted ECM/GelMA scaffold; Group IV, 3D printed ECM/GelMA/sEVs scaffold.