REFERENCES
1. Agale SV. Chronic leg ulcers: epidemiology, aetiopathogenesis, and management. Ulcers 2013;2013:1-9.
2. Järbrink K, Ni G, Sönnergren H, et al. Prevalence and incidence of chronic wounds and related complications: a protocol for a systematic review. Syst Rev 2016;5:152.
3. Mekkes JR, Loots MA, Van Der Wal AC, Bos JD. Causes, investigation and treatment of leg ulceration. Br J Dermatol 2003;148:388-401.
4. Chatterjee SS. Venous ulcers of the lower limb: where do we stand? Indian J Plast Surg 2012;45:266-74.
5. Lee ZH, Daar DA, Stranix JT, et al. Free-flap reconstruction for diabetic lower extremity limb salvage. J Surg Res 2020;248:165-70.
6. Pecoraro RE, Reiber GE, Burgess EM. Pathways to diabetic limb amputation. Basis for prevention. Diabetes Care 1990;13:513-21.
7. Narres M, Kvitkina T, Claessen H, et al. Incidence of lower extremity amputations in the diabetic compared with the non-diabetic population: a systematic review. PLoS One 2017;12:e0182081.
8. Armstrong DG, Swerdlow MA, Armstrong AA, Conte MS, Padula WV, Bus SA. Five year mortality and direct costs of care for people with diabetic foot complications are comparable to cancer. J Foot Ankle Res 2020;13:16.
9. Bekeny JC, Zolper EG, Steinberg JS, Attinger CE, Fan KL, Evans KK. Free tissue transfer for patients with chronic lower extremity wounds. Clin Plast Surg 2021;48:321-9.
10. Ducic I, Attinger CE. Foot and ankle reconstruction: pedicled muscle flaps versus free flaps and the role of diabetes. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;128:173-80.
12. Kucan JO, Robson MC. Diabetic foot infections: fate of the contralateral foot. Plast Reconstr Surg 1986;77:439-41.
13. Endara M, Masden D, Goldstein J, Gondek S, Steinberg J, Attinger C. The role of chronic and perioperative glucose management in high-risk surgical closures: a case for tighter glycemic control. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013;132:996-1004.
14. Bollig CA, Spradling CS, Dooley LM, Galloway TL, Jorgensen JB. Impact of perioperative hyperglycemia in patients undergoing microvascular reconstruction. Head Neck 2018;40:1196-206.
15. Yu J, Hong JP, Suh HP, et al. Prognostic nutritional index is a predictor of free flap failure in extremity reconstruction. Nutrients 2020;12:562.
16. Stechmiller JK. Understanding the role of nutrition and wound healing. Nutr Clin Pract 2010;25:61-8.
18. Kim KG, Mishu M, Zolper EG, et al. Nutritional markers for predicting lower extremity free tissue transfer outcomes in the chronic wound population. Microsurgery 2021; doi: 10.1002/micr.30794.
19. Shum J, Markiewicz MR, Park E, et al. Low prealbumin level is a risk factor for microvascular free flap failure. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014;72:169-77.
20. Ehrl D, Heidekrueger PI, Haas EM, et al. Does cigarette smoking harm microsurgical free flap reconstruction? J Reconstr Microsurg 2018;34:492-8.
21. Wang TY, Serletti JM, Cuker A, et al. Free tissue transfer in the hypercoagulable patient: a review of 58 flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012;129:443-53.
22. DeFazio MV, Economides JM, Anghel EL, Tefera EA, Evans KK. Lower extremity free tissue transfer in the setting of thrombophilia: analysis of perioperative anticoagulation protocols and predictors of flap failure. J Reconstr Microsurg 2019;35:270-86.
23. DeFazio MV, Hung RW, Han KD, Bunting HA, Evans KK. Lower extremity flap salvage in thrombophilic patients: managing expectations in the setting of microvascular thrombosis. J Reconstr Microsurg 2016;32:431-44.
24. Anghel EL, DeFazio MV, Barker JC, Janis JE, Attinger CE. Current concepts in debridement: science and strategies. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016;138:82S-93S.
25. Siddiqui AR, Bernstein JM. Chronic wound infection: facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol 2010;28:519-26.
26. Kotha VS, Fan KL, Schwitzer JA, et al. Amputation versus free flap: long-term outcomes of microsurgical limb salvage and risk factors for amputation in the diabetic population. Plast Reconstr Surg 2021;147:742-50.
27. Kanuri A, O'Kelly ND, Shuck J, Kim P, Evans KK, Attinger CE. The effect of positive postdebridement cultures on local muscle flap reconstruction of the lower extremity. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2018;6:e1864.
28. Carroll AM, Kim KG, Walters ET, et al. Glove and instrument changing to prevent bacterial contamination in infected wound debridement and closure procedures: a prospective observational study. Int Wound J 2021;18:664-9.
29. Reiber GE, Vileikyte L, Boyko EJ, et al. Causal pathways for incident lower-extremity ulcers in patients with diabetes from two settings. Diabetes Care 1999;22:157-62.
30. Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, Stensel V, Forsberg RC, Davignon DR, Smith DG. A prospective study of risk factors for diabetic foot ulcer. The Seattle Diabetic Foot Study. Diabetes Care 1999;22:1036-42.
31. Fernando M, Crowther R, Lazzarini P, et al. Biomechanical characteristics of peripheral diabetic neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of findings from the gait cycle, muscle activity and dynamic barefoot plantar pressure. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2013;28:831-45.
32. Shenoy AM. Guidelines in practice: treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2012;18:192-8.
34. Nishimoto GS, Attinger CE, Cooper PS. Lengthening the Achilles tendon for the treatment of diabetic plantar forefoot ulceration. Surg Clin North Am 2003;83:707-26.
35. Armstrong DG, Stacpoole-Shea S, Nguyen H, Harkless LB. Lengthening of the Achilles tendon in diabetic patients who are at high risk for ulceration of the foot. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999;81:535-8.
36. Lin SS, Lee TH, Wapner KL. Plantar forefoot ulceration with equinus deformity of the ankle in diabetic patients: the effect of tendo-Achilles lengthening and total contact casting. Orthopedics 1996;19:465-75.
37. Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Boulton AJ. Diabetex Research Group. Ankle equinus deformity and its relationship to high plantar pressure in a large population with diabetes mellitus. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2002;92:479-82.
38. Colen LB, Kim CJ, Grant WP, Yeh JT, Hind B. Achilles tendon lengthening: friend or foe in the diabetic foot? Plast Reconstr Surg 2013;131:37e-43e.
39. Segal LS, Thomas SE, Mazur JM, Mauterer M. Calcaneal gait in spastic diplegia after heel cord lengthening: a study with gait analysis. J Pediatr Orthop 1989;9:697-701.
40. Sponer P, Kucera T, Brtková J, Srot J. The management of Charcot midfoot deformities in diabetic patients. Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove) 2013;56:3-8.
41. Janhofer DE, Lakhiani C, Kim PJ, et al. The utility of preoperative arteriography for free flap planning in patients with chronic lower extremity wounds. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019;143:604-13.
42. Ziegler-Graham K, MacKenzie EJ, Ephraim PL, Travison TG, Brookmeyer R. Estimating the prevalence of limb loss in the United States: 2005 to 2050. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008;89:422-9.
43. Black C, Fan KL, Defazio MV, et al. Limb salvage rates and functional outcomes using a longitudinal slit arteriotomy end-to-side anastomosis for limb-threatening defects in a high-risk patient population. Plast Reconstr Surg 2020;145:1302-12.
44. Cavanagh PR, Lipsky BA, Bradbury AW, Botek G. Treatment for diabetic foot ulcers. Lancet 2005;366:1725-35.
45. Basheer MH, Wilson SM, Lewis H, Herbert K. Microvascular free tissue transfer in reconstruction of the lower limb. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008;61:525-8.
46. Janhofer DE, Lakhiani C, Kim PJ, et al. The utility of preoperative venous testing for lower extremity flap planning in patients with lower extremity wounds. Plast Reconstr Surg 2020;145:164e-71e.
47. Fischer JP, Wink JD, Nelson JA, et al. A retrospective review of outcomes and flap selection in free tissue transfers for complex lower extremity reconstruction. J Reconstr Microsurg 2013;29:407-16.
48. Taylor G, Palmer J. The vascular territories (angiosomes) of the body: experimental study and clinical applications. Br J Plast Surg 1987;40:113-41.
49. Attinger CE, Evans KK, Bulan E, Blume P, Cooper P. Angiosomes of the foot and ankle and clinical implications for limb salvage: reconstruction, incisions, and revascularization. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006;117:261S-93S.
50. Black CK, Kotha VS, Fan KL, Ragothaman K, Attinger CE, Evans KK. Pedicled and free tissue transfers. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2019;36:441-55.
51. Shishehbor MH. Acute and critical limb ischemia: when time is limb. Cleve Clin J Med 2014;81:209-16.
52. Attinger C, Cooper P, Blume P. Vascular anatomy of the foot and ankle. Operative Techniques in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 1997;4:183-98.
53. Taylor GI, Pan WR. Angiosomes of the leg: anatomic study and clinical implications. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998;102:599-616; discussion 617-8.
54. Bareither D. Sarrafian’s Anatomy of the foot and ankle. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2012;102:350-350.
55. Attinger CE, Ducic I, Cooper P, Zelen CM. The role of intrinsic muscle flaps of the foot for bone coverage in foot and ankle defects in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002;110:1047-54; discussion 1055-7.
56. AlMugaren FM, Pak CJ, Suh HP, Hong JP. Best local flaps for lower extremity reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2020;8:e2774.
57. Hong J, Hallock G. Lower extremity reconstruction: a practical guide. Thieme 2021; doi: 10.1055/b-0041-179902.
58. El-Shazly M, Kamal A. Practical guidelines for getting the most out of the gastrocnemius muscle flap units: a presented algorithm for the best flap choice. Eur J Plast Surg 2012;35:589-94.
59. Al-Himdani S, Din A, Wright TC, Wheble G, Chapman TWL, Khan U. The medial sural artery perforator (MSAP) flap: a versatile flap for lower extremity reconstruction. Injury 2020;51:1077-85.
60. Ciofu RN, Zamfirescu DG, Popescu SA, Lascar I. Reverse sural flap for ankle and heel soft tissues reconstruction. J Med Life 2017;10:94-8.
61. Mehrotra S. Perforator-plus flaps: a new concept in traditional flap design. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007;119:590-8.
62. Song P, Pu LLQ. Perforator-plus flaps in lower extremity reconstruction. Clin Plast Surg 2021;48:183-92.
63. Sato T, Yana Y, Ichioka S. Free flap reconstruction for diabetic foot limb salvage. J Plast Surg Hand Surg 2017;51:399-404.
64. Lu J, DeFazio MV, Lakhiani C, et al. Limb salvage and functional outcomes following free tissue transfer for the treatment of recalcitrant diabetic foot ulcers. J Reconstr Microsurg 2019;35:117-23.
65. Hong JP. The superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap in lower extremity reconstruction. Clin Plast Surg 2021;48:225-33.
66. Basci D, Gosman A. . Basics of flaps. In: Janis JE, editor. Essentials of plastic surgery. CRC Press; 2014.
67. Hollenbeck ST, Woo S, Komatsu I, Erdmann D, Zenn MR, Levin LS. Longitudinal outcomes and application of the subunit principle to 165 foot and ankle free tissue transfers. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010;125:924-34.
68. Hanasono MM, Skoracki RJ, Yu P. A prospective study of donor-site morbidity after anterolateral thigh fasciocutaneous and myocutaneous free flap harvest in 220 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010;125:209-14.
69. Koshima I, Nanba Y, Tsutsui T, et al. Superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap for reconstruction of limb defects. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004;113:233-40.
70. Purnell CA, Lewis KC, Mioton LM, et al. Donor-site morbidity of medial and lateral thigh-based flaps: a comparative study. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2016;4:e1012.
71. Godina M. Preferential use of end-to-side arterial anastomoses in free flap transfers. Plast Reconstr Surg 1979;64:673-82.
72. Ikuta Y, Watari S, Kawamura K, et al. Free flap transfers by end-to-side arterial anastomosis. Br J Plast Surg 1975;28:1-7.
73. Tan BK, Wong CH, Chew W, Hong SW. Use of the slit arteriotomy for end-to-side arterial anastomosis in free-tissue transfers to the extremities. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009;62:1519-23.
74. Fan KL, Patel KM, Mardini S, Attinger C, Levin LS, Evans KK. Evidence to support controversy in microsurgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015;135:595e-608e.
75. Fitzgerald O’Connor EJ, Vesely M, Holt PJ, Jones KG, Thompson MM, Hinchliffe RJ. A systematic review of free tissue transfer in the management of non-traumatic lower extremity wounds in patients with diabetes. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011;41:391-9.
76. Oh TS, Lee HS, Hong JP. Diabetic foot reconstruction using free flaps increases 5-year-survival rate. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2013;66:243-50.
77. Verhelle NA, Heymans O. How to deal with difficult microsurgical end-to-side anastomoses. Microsurgery 2005;25:203-8.
78. Rifaï S, Boudard J, Haïun M, Obert L, Pauchot J. Tips and tricks for end-to-side anastomosis arteriotomies. Hand Surg Rehabil 2016;35:85-94.
79. Shestak KC, Hendricks DL, Webster MW. Indirect revascularization of the lower extremity by means of microvascular free-muscle flap--a preliminary report. J Vasc Surg 1990;12:581-5.
